最近，致力于通过现代机器学习方法预测脑部疾病的最新神经影像学研究通常包括单一模态并依靠监督的过度参数化模型。但是，单一模态仅提供了高度复杂的大脑的有限视图。至关重要的是，临床环境中的有监督模型缺乏用于培训的准确诊断标签。粗标签不会捕获脑疾病表型的长尾谱，这导致模型的普遍性丧失，从而使它们在诊断环境中的有用程度降低。这项工作提出了一个新型的多尺度协调框架，用于从多模式神经影像数据中学习多个表示。我们提出了一般的归纳偏见分类法，以捕获多模式自学融合中的独特和联合信息。分类法构成了一个无解码器模型的家族，具有降低的计算复杂性，并捕获多模式输入的本地和全局表示之间的多尺度关系。我们使用各种阿尔茨海默氏病表型中使用功能和结构磁共振成像（MRI）数据对分类法进行了全面评估，并表明自我监督模型揭示了与疾病相关的大脑区域和多模态链接，而无需在预先访问PRE-PRE-the PRE-the PRE-the PRE-the PRE-PRECTEN NICKES NOCKER NOCKER NOCKER NOCKER NOCKER NOCE访问。训练。拟议的多模式自学学习的学习能够表现出两种模式的分类表现。伴随的丰富而灵活的无监督的深度学习框架捕获了复杂的多模式关系，并提供了符合或超过更狭窄的监督分类分析的预测性能。我们提供了详尽的定量证据，表明该框架如何显着提高我们对复杂脑部疾病中缺失的联系的搜索。

Rigorous guarantees about the performance of predictive algorithms are necessary in order to ensure their responsible use. Previous work has largely focused on bounding the expected loss of a predictor, but this is not sufficient in many risk-sensitive applications where the distribution of errors is important. In this work, we propose a flexible framework to produce a family of bounds on quantiles of the loss distribution incurred by a predictor. Our method takes advantage of the order statistics of the observed loss values rather than relying on the sample mean alone. We show that a quantile is an informative way of quantifying predictive performance, and that our framework applies to a variety of quantile-based metrics, each targeting important subsets of the data distribution. We analyze the theoretical properties of our proposed method and demonstrate its ability to rigorously control loss quantiles on several real-world datasets.

Non-invasive prostate cancer detection from MRI has the potential to revolutionize patient care by providing early detection of clinically-significant disease (ISUP grade group >= 2), but has thus far shown limited positive predictive value. To address this, we present an MRI-based deep learning method for predicting clinically significant prostate cancer applicable to a patient population with subsequent ground truth biopsy results ranging from benign pathology to ISUP grade group~5. Specifically, we demonstrate that mixed supervision via diverse histopathological ground truth improves classification performance despite the cost of reduced concordance with image-based segmentation. That is, where prior approaches have utilized pathology results as ground truth derived from targeted biopsies and whole-mount prostatectomy to strongly supervise the localization of clinically significant cancer, our approach also utilizes weak supervision signals extracted from nontargeted systematic biopsies with regional localization to improve overall performance. Our key innovation is performing regression by distribution rather than simply by value, enabling use of additional pathology findings traditionally ignored by deep learning strategies. We evaluated our model on a dataset of 973 (testing n=160) multi-parametric prostate MRI exams collected at UCSF from 2015-2018 followed by MRI/ultrasound fusion (targeted) biopsy and systematic (nontargeted) biopsy of the prostate gland, demonstrating that deep networks trained with mixed supervision of histopathology can significantly exceed the performance of the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) clinical standard for prostate MRI interpretation.

We examined multiple deep neural network (DNN) architectures for suitability in predicting neurotransmitter concentrations from labeled in vitro fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) data collected on carbon fiber electrodes. Suitability is determined by the predictive performance in the "out-of-probe" case, the response to artificially induced electrical noise, and the ability to predict when the model will be errant for a given probe. This work extends prior comparisons of time series classification models by focusing on this specific task. It extends previous applications of machine learning to FSCV task by using a much larger data set and by incorporating recent advancements in deep neural networks. The InceptionTime architecture, a deep convolutional neural network, has the best absolute predictive performance of the models tested but was more susceptible to noise. A naive multilayer perceptron architecture had the second lowest prediction error and was less affected by the artificial noise, suggesting that convolutions may not be as important for this task as one might suspect.

In a recent paper Wunderlich and Pehle introduced the EventProp algorithm that enables training spiking neural networks by gradient descent on exact gradients. In this paper we present extensions of EventProp to support a wider class of loss functions and an implementation in the GPU enhanced neuronal networks framework which exploits sparsity. The GPU acceleration allows us to test EventProp extensively on more challenging learning benchmarks. We find that EventProp performs well on some tasks but for others there are issues where learning is slow or fails entirely. Here, we analyse these issues in detail and discover that they relate to the use of the exact gradient of the loss function, which by its nature does not provide information about loss changes due to spike creation or spike deletion. Depending on the details of the task and loss function, descending the exact gradient with EventProp can lead to the deletion of important spikes and so to an inadvertent increase of the loss and decrease of classification accuracy and hence a failure to learn. In other situations the lack of knowledge about the benefits of creating additional spikes can lead to a lack of gradient flow into earlier layers, slowing down learning. We eventually present a first glimpse of a solution to these problems in the form of `loss shaping', where we introduce a suitable weighting function into an integral loss to increase gradient flow from the output layer towards earlier layers.

机器学习潜力是分子模拟的重要工具，但是由于缺乏高质量数据集来训练它们的发展，它们的开发阻碍了它们。我们描述了Spice数据集，这是一种新的量子化学数据集，用于训练与模拟与蛋白质相互作用的药物样的小分子相关的潜在。它包含超过110万个小分子，二聚体，二肽和溶剂化氨基酸的构象。它包括15个元素，带电和未充电的分子以及广泛的共价和非共价相互作用。它提供了在{\ omega} b97m-d3（bj）/def2-tzVPPD理论水平以及其他有用的数量（例如多极矩和键阶）上计算出的力和能量。我们在其上训练一组机器学习潜力，并证明它们可以在化学空间的广泛区域中实现化学精度。它可以作为创建可转移的，准备使用潜在功能用于分子模拟的宝贵资源。

大规模的社交网络被认为通过扩大人们的偏见来促进两极分化。但是，这些技术的复杂性使得难以确定负责的机制并评估缓解策略。在这里，我们在受控的实验室条件下显示，通过社交网络进行信息传输会扩大对简单的感知决策任务的动机偏见。大型行为实验的参与者表明，当社交网络相对于社会参与者的一部分，在40个独立发展的人群中，社交网络的一部分相对于社交参与者而言，有偏见的决策率提高。利用机器学习和贝叶斯统计的技术，我们确定了对内容选择算法的简单调整，该算法预测可减轻偏置放大。该算法从个人网络内部生成了一个观点样本，这些视角更代表整个人群。在第二个大型实验中，该策略减少了偏差放大，同时保持信息共享的好处。

大气效应（例如湍流和背景热噪声）抑制了在开关键控自由空间光学通信中使用的相干光的传播。在这里，我们介绍并实验验证了卷积神经网络，以降低后处理中自由空间光学通信的位错误率，而自由空间光学通信的位比基于高级光学器件的现有解决方案明显简单，更便宜。我们的方法由两个神经网络组成，这是第一个确定在热噪声和湍流中存在相干位序列以及第二个解调相干位序列的存在。通过生成连贯的光线，将它们与热灯结合在一起，并通过湍流的水箱将其结合起来，通过生成开关的键入键流，可以通过实验获得我们网络的所有数据，从而获得了模拟的湍流，并将其传递给了最终的光线。高度准确性。我们的卷积神经网络提高了与阈值分类方案相比的检测准确性，并具有与当前解调和误差校正方案集成的能力。

骨肉瘤是最常见的原发性骨癌，其标准治疗包括术前化疗，然后切除。化学疗法反应用于预测患者的预后和进一步治疗。坏死在切除标本上的组织学幻灯片通常评估了坏死比定义为坏死肿瘤与总体肿瘤之比。已知坏死比> = 90％的患者的预后更好。多个载玻片对坏死比的手动微观综述是半定量性的，并且可能具有观察者间和观察者间的变异性。我们提出了一种基于目标和可再现的深度学习方法，以估计坏死比，并从扫描的苏木精和曙红全幻灯片图像预测结果。我们以3134个WSI的速度收集了103例骨肉瘤病例，以训练我们的深度学习模型，验证坏死比评估并评估结果预测。我们训练了深层多磁化网络，以分割多个组织亚型，包括生存的肿瘤和像素级中的坏死肿瘤，并计算来自多个WSI的病例级坏死比。我们显示了通过分割模型估算的坏死比，高度与由专家手动评估的病理报告中的坏死比高度相关，其中IV级的平均绝对差异（100％），III（> = 90％）和II（> = 50％和<50％和< 90％）坏死反应分别为4.4％，4.5％和17.8％。我们成功地对患者进行了分层，以预测P = 10^-6的总生存率，而P = 0.012的无进展生存率。我们没有可变性的可重现方法使我们能够调整截止阈值，特别是用于模型和数据集的截止阈值，为OS的80％，PFS为60％。我们的研究表明，深度学习可以支持病理学家作为一种客观的工具，可以分析组织学中骨肉瘤，以评估治疗反应并预测患者结果。

可以使用X射线自由电子激光器的强脉冲和短脉冲直接通过单次相干衍射成像直接观察到自由飞行中孤立的纳米样品的结构和动力学。广角散射图像甚至编码样品的三维形态信息，但是该信息的检索仍然是一个挑战。到目前为止，只有通过与高度约束模型拟合，需要对单镜头实现有效的三维形态重建，这需要有关可能的几何形状的先验知识。在这里，我们提出了一种更通用的成像方法。依赖于允许凸多面体描述的任何样品形态的模型，我们从单个银纳米颗粒中重建广角衍射模式。除了具有高对称性的已知结构动机外，我们还检索了以前无法访问的不完美形状和聚集物。我们的结果为单个纳米颗粒的真实3D结构确定以及最终的超快纳米级动力学的3D电影开辟了新的途径。